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Nuremburg Trials
‘War Crimes’ trial against the former Nazis. Most captured Nazis committed suicide, sentenced to life in prison or were executed.

Cordell Hull
FDR’s Secretary of State. Believed in low tariffs and played a part in the Reciprocal Trades Agreement Act.

Winston Churchill
Prime Minister of Great Britain at the time of WWII.

Charles Lindbergh
Aviator who flew across the Atlantic turned orator. His child was kidnapped and held for ransom, then murdered.

Good Neighbor Policy
FDR accepted Latin America and extened the hand of friendship towards these countries.

Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act
(1934) Aimed at relief and recovery. Amended the Hawley-Smoot Tariff and lowered rates.

Rome-Berlin Axis
Mussolini of Italy and Hitler of Germany allied with each other.

Nye Committee
Gerald Nye was a senator from South Dakota appointed in 1934 to investigate the ‘blood business’/ ‘merchants of death’ (munitions manufacturers).

Neutrality Acts
(1935)(1936)(1937) When the President proclaimed the existence of a foreign war, no American could legally sail on a belligerent ship, transport munitions to a belligerent, or make loans to a belligerent. This was meant to keep the nation out of conflict.
(1939) Henceforth European democracies might buy American war materials on a ‘cash and carry’ basis.

Russo-German Nonaggression Pact
A.K.A Hitler-Stalin Pact or the Nazi-Soviet Pact. Nonagression pact between Soviet Union and Germany.

"Cash and Carry"
If Europe bought munitions from the United States, Europe had to transport munitions on their own ships after paying in cash.

America First Committee
Isolationists that contended that America should protect itself, not Britain.

Lend-Lease Act
‘Act to Further Promote the Defense of the United States’

Atlantic Charter
Eight-point plan formally accepted by Roosevelt and Churchill. Later endorsed by Stalin. Promised no territorial changes contraty to the wishes of inhabitants and the ability to determine their own government (self-determination). Supported disarmament and peace of security and called for a new League of Nations.

The London Conference
Know: London Economic Conference
1. What were the results of Roosevelt's decision not to help stabilize currencies?
FDR wanted to pursue his gold-juggling and inflationary policies in America as a means of stimulating American recovery. He pulled America out of the London Economic Conference, which caused the meeting to adjourn without a result.

Freedom for (from?) the Filipinos and Recognition for the Russians
Know: Tydings-McDuffie Act
2. What was the reason for America's decision to free the Philippines?
The Philippines were more of a nuisance to America than they were a help. Organized labor demanded the exclusion of low-wage Filipino workers and American sugar producers called for the elimination of Philippine competition.

Becoming a Good Neighbor
Know: Good Neighbor Policy
3. Was the United States serious about the Good Neighbor policy? Explain.
America seemed to be serious about the Good Neighbor policy. Marines departed from Haiti, Cuba was released from the Platt Amendment, and Panama’s strict regulations were lifted.

Secretary Hull's Reciprocal Trade Agreements
Know: Cordell Hull, Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act
4. Were reciprocal trade agreements a good idea? Explain.
The reciprocal trade agreements reversed the high protective tariff policy that had so long persisted since the Civil War. It paved the way for American-led free trade international economic systems that came into being after WWII.

Storm-Cellar Isolationism
Know: Joseph Stalin, Benito Mussolini, Adolf Hitler, Fascism
5. What were the reasons for American isolationism?
The emergence of Stalin of Communist Soviet Union, Mussolini of Fascist Italy, Hitler of Nazi Germany, and a new imperialistic Japan frightened America. However, Americans thought that the Pacific ocean protected them from these threats.

Congress Legislates Neutrality
Know: Gerald Nye, Neutrality Acts
6. How did the Neutrality Acts attempt to keep the U.S. out of war?
The Neutrality Acts effectively prevented Americans from associating with belligerent nations. It gave the President the power to proclaim the existence of a foreign war, which would make illegal Americans sailing on a belligerent ship, Americans selling or transporting munitions to a belligerent, or making loans to a belligerent.

America Dooms Loyalist Spain
Know: Francisco Franco, Spanish Civil War
7. How did the Spanish Civil War contribute to WWII?
The Spanish Civil war put Francisco Franco in power, which was aided by Hitler and Mussolini. Franco had overthrown the Loyalist regime, which was under the Soviet Union’s protection.

Appeasing Japan and Germany
Know: Quarantine Speech, Panay, Rhineland, Sudentenland, Munich Conference, Appeasement
8. What actions were taken by fascist governments that showed that they were a threat?
Japan attacked China at the Marco Polo bridge.
Hitler took Austria and invaded the Rhineland. He demanded the Sutenland and later took all of Czechoslovakia, even though he had promised not to take over anything else in Europe at the Munich Conference.

Hitler's Belligerency and U.S. Neutrality
Know: Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, Cash and Carry
9. How did the United States respond to the start of WWII in Europe?
The U.S. took a neutral stand in the beginning of WWII, but as the war went on, the U.S. passed the Neutrality Act of 1939, which allowed European democracies to buy munitions on a ‘Cash and Carry’ basis.

The Fall of France
Know: Phony War, Blitzkrieg, Winston Churchill
10. What further steps did the United States take after the fall of France?
FDR called for more air fleets and navies to be built and passed a conscription law, which made provision for training 1.2 million troops and 800,000 reserves.

Makers of America: Refugees from the Holocaust
Know: Anti-Semitism, Albert Einstein, American Jewish Committee, Father Coughlin, American Jewish Congress
11. Why did America not make more room for European Jews in the 1930's?
Americans were afraid of Hitler and his Holocaust. There was also Anti-Semitism going around in America at the time, so Americans were less willing to take in several thousand Jews.

Bolstering Britain with the Destroyer Deal (1940)
Know: Battle of Britain, Royal Air Force, Fortress America, America First, Charles Lindbergh, Destroyer Deal
12. Describe the conflict between interventionists and isolationists in America in 1940.
Interventionists argued that it would only be a matter of time before Hitler turned his eyes towards America, and that America should help Britain before it was too late.
Isolationists argued that if America lay low, Hitler would be less likely to turn and attack America.

FDR Shatters the Two-Term Tradition (1940)
Know: Wendell Wilkie
13. Interpret the results of the 1940 election.
Roosevelt probably won the 1940 election based on the popular belief that it was unwise to change presidents during the war. If WWII had not been underway it would have been unlikely that FDR would be elected to a third term.

Congress Passes the Landmark Lend-Lease Law
Know: Lend-Lease
14. What was so controversial about Lend-Lease?
Senator Taft argued that nobody wanted a borrowed, beat-up tank after someone was done with it. It also clearly showed America as an Ally, not a neutral country as America had hoped. By aiding countries against Hitler and Mussolini, America established itself clearly on one side of the war.

Hitler's Assault on the Soviet Union Spawns the Atlantic Charter
Know: Atlantic Charter
15. What was the reaction in America to the Nazi attack on the Soviet Union?
FDR and Winston Churchill met to create the Atlantic Charter, which outlined the aspirations of democracies for a better world after the war had ended. The Atlantic Charter was not unlike Wilson’s 14 Points in that it also called for a new League of Nations.

U.S. Destroyers and Hitler's U-Boats Clash
16. How did America's implementation of the Lend-Lease policy bring us closer to war?
The Lend-Lease policy led to clashes with German U-Boats, which sunk the U.S. Destroyers carting the weapons and munitions to other countries. This resulted in the Greer, Kearny, and Reuben James U.S. ships being sunk or damaged.

America's Transformation from Bystander to Belligerent
17. Was United States entry into WWII sudden or gradual? Explain.
United States' entry into WWII was by no means gradual. America had clearly stated its position in the war through the Neutrality Act of 1939 and the Lend-Lease Act even though it was supposed to be a neutral country.